Dinitramine is a herbicide . Dinitramine activates the Erk / P38 / JNK / MAPK pathway and inactivates the PI3k / Akt pathway in testicular cells. Dinitramine induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, apoptosis , and downregulated expression of cell cycle genes in testicular cells. Dinitramine reduces the viability and proliferation capacity of testicular cells, and inhibits cell division by suppressing the synthesis of tubulin . Dinitramine induces abnormal heart development, inhibited angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, apoptosis , and impaired embryonic growth in zebrafish embryos.
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