Phenformin (Phenethylbiguanide) is an orally active biguanide hypoglycemic agent. Phenformin inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, activation of AMPK , and subsequent inhibition of the mTOR pathway, thereby suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy . Phenformin inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs) and possesses potent antitumor potential.
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