Eupatorin is an orally active flavonoid with antiproliferative and vasodilatory properties. Eupatorin downregulates the expression levels of NF-κB , MMP9 , IL-1β and TNF-α . Eupatorin induces apoptosis , G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Eupatorin modulates the activities of muscarinic receptors and β-adrenergic receptors ; inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release and calcium channels; and activates the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway, indomethacin-sensitive pathway, and potassium channel pathway. Eupatorin exerts cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines, and is metabolized by CYP1A1 and CYP1 family enzymes to form metabolites with antiproliferative activity. Eupatorin can be used in research related to breast cancer , hypertension, and leukemia.
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