Ochratoxin A-D4 (Phe-OTA-D4) is the deuterium labeled Ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A is an orally active food-borne mycotoxin that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Ochratoxin A is a secondary metabolite of fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium , and is classified as a Group 2B carcinogen. Ochratoxin A exerts its effects through multiple pathways, including inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, causing oxidative DNA damage, disrupting the PPAR-γ-CD36 axis, inducing immunosuppression, generating ROS , mediating mitochondria-dependent apoptosis , inhibiting glutamate uptake, triggering demyelination and neuroinflammation, inducing DNA hypomethylation, and inhibiting cell proliferation. Ochratoxin A can induce nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, and also exhibits mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity.
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