PbQ is a tubulin inhibitor (with an IC 50 of 5 μM against goat tubulin) and a fluorescent probe for cuprous ions Cu (I) . PbQ can penetrate the membrane of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, form a stable 1:1 complex with Cu + ions, and exhibits low toxicity and good biocompatibility toward macrophage cell lines. In addition, PbQ promotes tubulin degradation and disrupts the microtubule network in lung epithelial cells without affecting actin. PbQ also possesses genotoxicity by forming DNA base adducts, and it can activate caspase-3 and apoptosis-related genes, induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and trigger cell apoptosis . PbQ can be used in studies related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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