Vernodalin is an orally active, cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone with a K d value of 9.55 μM for p38 MAPK . Vernodalin downregulates the expression of phosphorylated ERK , JNK , AKT , PI3K , mTOR , p38MAPK , FAK , MMP-2 , MMP-9 , and uPA , while upregulates the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 . Vernodalin increases ROS production, upregulates the expression of Bax and caspase 3 , downregulates the expression of Bcl-2 , and induces apoptosis ( apoptosis ), oxidative stress response and cell cycle arrest. Vernodalin inhibits the proliferation, adhesion and metastasis of cancer cells. Vernodalin enhances the activity of VEGF-B , AMPK and eNOS signaling pathways. Vernodalin alleviates myocardial injury and restores hemodynamic parameters. Vernodalin inhibits the growth of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense . Vernodalin can be used in research related to various cancers including gastric cancer , colorectal cancer and lung cancer , as well as African human trypanosomiasis and myocardial infarction.
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