β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide is a XIAP antagonist with apoptosis -inducing and antitumor activity, found in the leaves of Spondias mombin . In a DMBA ( HY-W011845 )-induced rat model of breast cancer , β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide binds to the BIR3 domain of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP , blocking its interaction with caspase-9 and thereby promoting tumor cell apoptosis . In addition, β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide significantly downregulates the expression of BCL-2 , COX-2 , and TNF-α in tumor tissues, reduces MDA levels, increases catalase activity, and modulates serum levels of LDH, ALP, and ALT, demonstrating strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic protective effects. β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide may be used in research on inflammation-related conditions and cancers such as breast cancer .
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